Shonel Dwyer | Harnessing the power of biotechnology

Biotechnology is often compared to a double-edged sword as it can have both good and bad consequences. Biotechnology’s dual nature as both a catalyst for progress and a potential source of disorganisation raises profound ethical questions about humanity’s interventions in the natural order of life. The central dilemma revolves around whether it is within our rights as humans to tamper with life or living organisms. Should we test the limits of biology? This critical question fuels intense ideological debates and reflections.

According to bioethicist Alta Charo, while the power of biotechnology is undeniable, so are the ethical considerations. This underscores the need to proceed with caution to ensure that this technology benefits all of humanity and its environs. It is always crucial to strike a delicate balance between innovation and responsibility, acknowledging the potential benefits while also addressing the potential risks and unintended consequences that may arise.

One of the significant achievements of biotechnology is the production of insulin from bacteria, which marks a substantial advancement in diabetes treatment. This breakthrough replaced the costly and inefficient sourcing of insulin from animal pancreases, thus reducing the risks of allergic reactions. Following a clinical trial in 1923, Banting and Macleod were awarded the Nobel Prize for this discovery, which has had a global impact on improving lives.

Additionally, biotechnology has played a crucial role in addressing food crises by enhancing crop yields, improving nutritional content, and developing pest-resistant crop varieties. For instance, genetically modified (GM) crops have been engineered to withstand harsh environmental conditions, pests, and diseases, thereby ensuring food security in regions prone to agricultural challenges. These advancements underline biotechnology’s positive impact on human life and global sustainability.

JAMAICA’S BIOTECHNOLOGICAL HERITAGE

One of the earliest and most remarkable success stories of biotechnology in Jamaica is the transformation of livestock assets inherited from British Colonials. Initially, these animals were bulky and oversized, simply fit for purpose as beasts of burden. Enter Dr T. P. Lecky, a life scientist and biotechnologist, whose work in cattle breeding gave rise to the Jamaica Hope, Jamaica Red, and Jamaica Black. Dr Lecky’s techniques not only led to a thriving cattle industry in Jamaica, but also revolutionised dairy production globally.

Today, Jamaican scientists are continuing to push the boundaries, following the trail of innovation set by Dr Lecky. Researchers at the University of the West Indies (UWI) are conducting groundbreaking work in this field. For instance, Prof. Paula Tennant has become the first Caribbean individual to develop a bioengineered papaya resistant to the Papaya Ringspot Virus. Prof Marcia Roye has identified numerous plant viruses in the Caribbean, leading to the development of virus-resistant tomato and cabbage varieties. Dr Sylvia Mitchell’s research in plant propagation (process of creating new plants) and soil improvement has directly benefited thousands of farmers and communities across Jamaica. Prof Noureddine Benkeblia is currently exploring the resilience of tropical crops to climate change. Additionally, Dr Sheena Francis is investigating the use of local plants with toxic effects against mosquitoes. These efforts are paving the way for transformative advancements in agriculture, health, and environmental sustainability.

PARTNERSHIPS AND COLLABORATIONS

Taking a step further into our pursuit of scientific excellence means recognising the importance of international cooperation as a mainstay of visibility and ascension in the field of biotechnology. Collaboration with organisations like the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) presents a significant avenue for Jamaica’s advancement. Established in 1983, the ICGEB serves as a beacon of collaboration. For Jamaica, strategic partnerships with entities like the ICGEB signify a strategic investment in the country’s future. Such collaborations unlock several benefits that can propel the country towards sustainable development and economic prosperity.

The national science portfolio, spanning various ministries, departments, and agencies, has actively championed biotechnological research and applications in Jamaica. Collaborative efforts have yielded agricultural solutions, reinforcing alignment of the use of science, technology, and innovation in addressing national challenges and issues. Noteworthy projects have prioritised enhancing disease resistance in crucial crop varieties, resulting in achievements like the development of ginger and sweet yam varieties resistant to common diseases such as rhizome rot and anthracnose. Biotechnology’s contributions to Jamaica’s agricultural sector have significantly broadened the country’s “breadbasket” without straining its resources. These advancements have enriched the agricultural landscape, ensuring sustainable productivity and resilience against prevalent crop diseases.

Jamaica, rich in natural resources and untapped potential, is well-positioned for sustainable biotechnological breakthroughs. Notably, the country’s commitment to international collaboration for scientific advancement is evident in its signing with the ICGEB, pending full membership. Jamaica boasts a lineage of scientific trailblazers and visionary researchers, alongside esteemed academics and professionals, all contributing to Jamaica’s strides in biotechnology. Responsible utilisation of nature’s toolbox through biotechnology holds immense promise for positive impacts, ranging from lowering infectious disease rates and enhancing human health to tailoring patient treatments and tackling critical challenges in the developing world. As we embark on the frontier biotechnological exploration, let us remember our past successes in biotechnology and seize this opportunity to shape Jamaica’s future. Moving forward, it is crucial to continue harnessing biotechnology’s power responsibly to use every living thing.

Shonel Dwyer is senior technology officer at the National Commission on Science and Technology. She is a geologist and worked as a specialist in natural/water resources management and the local oil and gas sector. Send feedback to columns@gleanerjm.com.