Diabetes: What you need to know
Published:Saturday | November 16, 2024 | 7:47 AM
November marks Diabetes Awareness Month, a time to increase knowledge about a disease that affects millions globally, including a significant number of Jamaicans.
Diabetes, a chronic condition where the body struggles to regulate blood sugar levels, has become one of the leading health issues of our time.
According to the latest analysis in The Lancet medical journal, the percentage of adults suffering from diabetes across the world has doubled over the past three decades, the biggest rises coming in developing countries.
The serious health condition affected around 14 per cent of all adults worldwide in 2022, compared to seven per cent in 1990. And, with Type 2 diabetes rates especially on the rise, there is a pressing need for awareness, prevention strategies, and accessible care.
For Jamaicans, the effects of diabetes are profound, as it is one of the top contributors to mortality and disability in the country.
Here are some essential facts and tips, highlighting both the global perspective and Jamaica-specific insights for managing and preventing diabetes.
DIABETES: KEY FACTS AND FIGURES
Global prevalence
• According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 422 million people worldwide have diabetes, with the majority being Type 2, which is largely preventable.
• The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates that, by 2045, this number could reach 700 million, if current trends continue.
• Diabetes is responsible for approximately 1.5 million deaths each year globally, and many more people suffer from complications like cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, and blindness.
Jamaica’s diabetes landscape
• In Jamaica, diabetes is among the leading causes of death and disability, affecting nearly 12 per cent of the adult population.
• The number of diabetes cases in Jamaica has been steadily rising because of factors like urbanisation, poor dietary habits, and a lack of regular physical activity.
• High rates of hypertension and obesity - often precursors to diabetes - add to the nation’s diabetes burden.
• The Ministry of Health and Wellness reports that non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including diabetes, are responsible for approximately 70 per cent of deaths in the country.
TYPES OF DIABETES
• Type 1 Diabetes: An autoimmune disease where the pancreas produces little or no insulin, most commonly diagnosed in children and young adults.
• Type 2 Diabetes: Often lifestyle-related, it is the most common form and typically develops in adults, though rising cases are being observed in younger people.
• Gestational Diabetes: A temporary form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later.
RISK FACTORS FOR DIABETES
• Unhealthy diets: Diets high in carbohydrates, processed foods, refined sugars, and unhealthy fats increase the risk of diabetes.
• Sedentary lifestyle: Physical inactivity is one of the most significant risk factors for Type 2 diabetes.
• Genetic predisposition: Genetics play a role in diabetes risk, with family history being a notable factor. However, lifestyle modifications can often help manage or even prevent the disease.
• Obesity: Overweight individuals, particularly those with excess abdominal fat, are at increased risk for Type 2 diabetes. In Jamaica, nearly 50 per cent of women, and over 20 per cent of men, are classified as being overweight or obese.
PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT TIPS
• Healthy eating: Incorporate more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains into the diet. Foods such as callaloo, pumpkin, and yam are excellent, nutrient-dense options.
Limit processed foods, sugary drinks, and high-fat items. Instead, choose foods with a low glycemic index, like beans, whole grains, and leafy greens, which help stabilise blood sugar levels.
• Regular physical activity: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week. Activities like brisk walking, cycling, and swimming are effective in managing weight and blood sugar. Dance-based exercise classes are fun ways to stay active and culturally connected.
• Routine health screenings: For those over the age of 40 or with a family history of diabetes, regular blood sugar screenings are essential for early detection. The health ministry has various community-based health initiatives that offer free or low-cost screenings for diabetes and other NCDs.
• Medication adherence and insulin management: Many people with diabetes require medication or insulin therapy to manage their condition. It’s crucial to adhere to prescribed medication schedules and monitor blood sugar levels regularly.
• Stress management: Chronic stress can negatively impact blood sugar levels and contribute to insulin resistance. Meditation, yoga, and mindfulness practices can help reduce stress.
CURRENT INITIATIVES AND RESOURCES IN JAMAICA
• National Health Fund (NHF): The NHF offers assistance programmes for individuals with chronic illnesses, including diabetes. Eligible Jamaicans can access subsidies on diabetes medication and supplies.
• Jamaica Moves initiative: The Jamaica Moves initiative is a public health campaign promoting physical activity, healthy eating, and preventive screenings. It includes various outreach programmes and collaborations with schools and workplaces to reduce lifestyle-related diseases.
• Diabetes education and support groups: Education on diabetes management is essential for individuals to live healthier lives. Community-based programmes and support groups help people understand their condition, make better lifestyle choices, and access resources.
CONCLUSION
Diabetes Awareness Month serves as an important reminder of the urgency to address the growing diabetes epidemic. Globally and in Jamaica, the rates of Type 2 diabetes continue to rise, presenting challenges that require both personal commitment and national efforts. Through dietary modifications, regular exercise, routine screenings, and access to healthcare resources, individuals can take proactive steps to reduce their risk of diabetes or manage the condition more effectively.
Ongoing health initiatives, education, and support are crucial in building a healthier future for all.