The Digestive and Absorptive System

The Digestive and absorptive system consists of the alimentary canal (mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus), salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver, and the associated blood vessels.

Digestion

Digestion is the breakdown of food into simpler molecules (nutrients), which can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the cells of the body.

The process begins in the mouth, where the food is chewed into smaller pieces and mixes with saliva that contains the digestive enzyme amylase. Amylase digests starch (eg. bread, rice, pasta, yam etc.) After chewing, the food is swallowed into the oesophagus, which leads to the stomach. Food moves through the oesophagus by a process called peristalsis, whereby by muscles automatically contract, producing rhythmic waves.

When food reaches the stomach, it is mixed with a number of acidic substances, collectively called gastric juices. This gastric juice kills any harmful bacteria that may have been ingested with the food. Some nutrients and water contained in the food are absorbed into the bloodstream. The enzyme pepsin starts the breakdown of protein. Food stays in the stomach for about two and a half hours, where it is churned into a liquefied state to form chyme.

The chyme is released in small amounts into the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum. In the duodenum, a number of enzymes produced by the gall bladder, the liver and the pancreas are mixed with the food. The gall bladder stores bile, which neutralises the acid leaving the stomach. Bile also helps to break down fats in the small intestine. The liver produces bile which also helps with the breakdown of carbohydrates and protein. It also acts as a filter, maintaining the balance of nutrients in the blood. The pancreas produces insulin and other enzymes which help with the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

As the chyme continues along the small intestine, the end products of digestion, (glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids) along with minerals, vitamins and water, are absorbed into the blood stream by hair-like projections (villi) on the inner surface.

All the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine are carried to the liver first. The level of nutrients in the blood is adjusted to the best levels for the body to function. Excess glucose is converted to glycogen and fat. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles, and fat is stored all over the body but particularly beneath the skin. Excess fatty acid is also converted to fat, while excess amino acid is converted to glucose and the toxic waste urea. Urea is eventually excreted by the kidney.

If glucose and fatty acids are in short supply, the liver reverses the processes described above and releases glucose from the glycogen stores and fatty acids from the fat stores. The body cannot store protein; therefore, if amino acids are in short supply, the liver cannot produce more.

After the liver has adjusted the amount of nutrients to the correct level in the blood, they pass on around the body. Glucose and fatty acids are used as energy sources. Amino acids are used to make the proteins necessary for growth and repair of tissues eg. muscle tissue or as a source of energy if necessary.

The remaining undigested food passes into the large intestines (colon) where water is reabsorbed, and the undigested food moves to the rectum and eventually passed out the anus as faeces.

Digestion and Exercise

Digestion and absorption requires a large volume of blood in the capillaries in the walls of the intestines. If exercise is done too soon after eating, blood is moved from the digestive process to working muscles and the food is left undigested. It is important to keep physical activity to a minimum after eating. Generally, it is best to avoid exercising until at least 3 hours after a meal.

The excretory system

The excretory system is responsible for the filtering of waste out of the organs of the body. This consists of the lungs, the liver, the skin, and intestines, and the urinary system.

n The lungs excrete carbon dioxide.

n The skin excretes sweat.

n The liver breaks down and excretes hormones, food waste and other chemicals.

n The intestine excretes food waste.

n The urinary system consists of the kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra and blood vessels.

The constant break-down of substances by chemical reactions, produces waste products, which are carried to the kidney via the renal artery. In the kidney, plasma is forced out of the blood under high pressure. Microscopic filters (nephrons) remove the waste. Any useful chemicals in the plasma are reabsorbed by the body. The waste combines with water to make urine. It is taken from the kidneys by the ureter to the bladder. When the bladder is full, the need to use the toilet is felt. The urine then leaves the bladder and the body via the urethra.

The kidneys are also important in homeostasis (the process of maintaining a stable internal environment). This is achieved through osmoregulation - maintenance of the correct amount of fluid in body cells.

Next Week: Fitness and Performance